People Who Interact Over and Over Again

Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the various means people use not-exact communication to send letters to others in society, such equally spoken language, posture, gestures, clothing and consequences

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• Nonverbal communication can be conveyed through our dress and fashion.
• Nonverbal communication also occurs through the non-content parts of spoken communication, such as voice quality, footstep, pitch, volume, rhythm, and intonation.
• Gestures and posture vary past cultural context.

Central Terms

• Emblem Gestures: They vary by cultural space and then widely that a common gesture in 1 context is offensive in another.
• posture: The style a person holds and positions their body.
• paralanguage: The non-verbal elements of speech, and to a limited extent of writing, used to alter meaning and convey emotion, such as pitch, volume, and intonation.

Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating by sending and receiving wordless letters. This type of advice includes gestures, impact, body language, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact. Nonverbal communication can also include messages communicated through cloth items. For instance, clothing or hairstyle is a form of nonverbal exchange that communicates something about the individual. Every bit a general rule, nonverbal communication can be studied based on the location or context of communication, the concrete characteristics of the interlocutors, and the behaviors of the interlocutors in the course of the interaction.

Speech

Ironically, nonverbal advice can also exist constitute in speech. This type of nonverbal communication is called paralanguage and includes vocal elements, such as vocalisation quality, pace, pitch, volume, rhythm, and intonation. Differences in paralanguage tin can affect the message that is communicated through words. For case, if someone smiles while proverb "Leave of town," that person likely is communicating that she doubts something you're saying or finds it unbelievable. Alternatively, if someone comes running at you and screams "Go out of town! " with a furious expression, it might be a literal threat. Paralanguage is a skillful example of nonverbal communication that is not visual.

Posture

Posture, or a person's bodily stance, communicates much well-nigh a person'southward perspectives. Various postures include slouching, towering, shoulders frontwards, and arm crossing. These nonverbal behaviors tin can betoken a person's feelings and attitudes. Posture tin be used to determine an private's degree of intention or involvement, the difference in status between interlocutors, and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator, depending on torso "openness."

Studies investigating the impact of posture on interpersonal relationships advise that mirror-image congruent postures, where ane person'south left side is parallel to the other person's right side, atomic number 82 communicators to think favorably well-nigh their exchange. Posture is socialized and geographical, meaning that an individual learns different ways to carry themselves in different contexts. A housewife from Kansas City will compose herself differently than a dock worker from Portland, who will etch himself differently than a teenager in Seattle. Generational differences demonstrate how posture is socialized; older generations were taught to carry themselves with their shoulders farther back, prompting parents to remind today's youth to stop slouching.

Gestures

Gestures are movements with one'due south easily, arms, or face that communicate a particular message. The most common gestures are keepsake gestures or quotable gestures that are learned within a particular cultural to communicate a particular message. For example, in the Western globe, waving one's hand back and along communicates "hello" or "good day. " Emblem gestures can vary by cultural space so widely that a common gesture in one context is offensive in another. Facial gestures, or facial expressions, are a especially communicative grade of gesture. With all of the various muscles that precisely control the oral fissure, lips, optics, olfactory organ, forehead, and jaw, human faces can make more than than 10 thousand different expressions. Facial expressions are more difficult for the "speaker" to dispense, given that so many micro-movements are involved in the creation of one expression. This makes facial gestures extremely efficient and honest, and are therefore heavily relied upon in past the "listener" in evaluating the "speaker'south" assertions.

Wear

Clothing is a means of communicating nonverbally that relies upon materials other than one's body. Further, it is a form of nonverbal communication that everyone engages in unless living on a nudist colony. The types of clothing an private wears convey nonverbal clues most his or her personality, background, and fiscal condition. Even if an individual does not put much thought into his attire, what he wears nevertheless communicates something to others, fifty-fifty unintentionally. An example of how people are enlightened that their clothing serves to communicate is the notion of proper dress. Yous would wearing apparel differently to go to a hymeneals than a chore interview than camping.

Clothing: How nosotros choose to dress and manner ourselves sends a message about united states to the world.

Consequences

Nonverbal advice can have serious consequences, fifty-fifty if the public understands the message they are receiving is being conveyed unintentionally. For instance, individuals tend to trust and back up taller people. Apparently, an private has no control over his height only, nevertheless, others perceive tiptop to communicate certain graphic symbol traits. In American elections, the taller candidate commonly wins. In the 2004 presidential debates, George W. Bush (the shorter candidate) insisted that his podium be contradistinct so that he appeared to exist the same height as John Kerry. The signal is that everything virtually ourselves, whether under our control or not, communicates data to an audience.

Nonverbal communication: I tin tell that this couple is in beloved through nonverbal exchange. Obviously, the picture doesn't talk, but from the couple's posture, facial expressions, and vesture, ane can tell that they're getting married.

Exchange

Social exchange theory argues that people form relationships considering they determine that it is in their best interests to practise and so.

Learning Objectives

Explain how social commutation theory is based upon rational pick theory

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In forming relationships, people exchange goods and services (including emotional support and interaction). People stay in relationships when they believe that the exchange is beneficial.
• Social exchange theory is rooted in rational choice theory.
• Individuals evaluate the worth of an action by subtracting the costs from the rewards.

Fundamental Terms

• rewards: A gift given for positive reinforcement.
• Social Exchange Theory: It advances the idea that relationships are essential for life in society and that it is in one's interest to class relationships with others. Of course, whether or not it is in an individual'southward interest to form a human relationship with a specific person is a calculus that both parties must perform.
• worth: It is having a value of; proper to exist exchanged for.

Social exchange theory is a sociopsychological and sociological perspective that explains social alter and stability as a procedure of negotiated exchanges betwixt parties. The theory is fundamentally oriented around rational choice theory, or the idea that all human behavior is guided past an individual's interpretation of what is in his all-time interest. Social substitution theory advances the idea that relationships are essential for life in society and that it is in 1'south interest to form relationships with others. Of course, whether or not it is in an individual'due south interest to class a relationship with a specific person is a calculation that both parties must perform. Nevertheless, social exchange theory argues that forming relationships is advantageous because of exchange. Each political party to the relationship exchanges item appurtenances and perspectives, creating a richer life for both. Notably, while social commutation theory may reference the literal exchange of goods, it can also mean the substitution of more intangible elements. For example, it is in the interests of a dairy farmer and a vegetable farmer to class a relationship because they can exchange their material goods. The theory also applies to Jack and Jill who make up one's mind to get married for the emotional support they exchange with one another.

Social exchange theory is but comprehensible through the lens of rational choice theory. Rational option theory supposes that every individual evaluates his/her behavior past that behavior'due south worth, which is a office of rewards minus costs. Rewards are the elements of relational life that have positive value for a person, while costs are the elements of relational life that have negative value for a person. Social exchange theory posits that individuals perform the calculus of worth when decided to course or maintain a human relationship with another person. A good case of this would exist proverbial "pro/con" list someone might brand when deciding to stay or interruption upwards with her significant other.

Several assumptions undergird social exchange theory. The first is that humans seek rewards and avoid punishments. 2d, humans are rational actors. Finally, social substitution theory acknowledges that the standards by which humans evaluate costs and rewards vary over fourth dimension and from person to person. This means that what might seem rational to 1 person would seem completely irrational to another. Yet, so long every bit the private's controlling regarding the formation of social relationships involves an evaluation of worth, regardless of what that means to the person, the behavior fits the frame established by social commutation theory.

Social Exchange Theory: This clip outlines the tenets of social commutation theory.

Cooperation

Cooperation is the procedure of ii or more than people working or acting in concert.

Learning Objectives

Compare the three types of cooperation (coerced, voluntary and unintentional) and why cooperation is necessary for social reality

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Cooperation can be coerced, voluntary, or unintentional.
• Communication is necessary for cooperation.
• Cooperation derives from an overlap in desires and is more likely if there is a human relationship betwixt the parties.

Key Terms

• Unintentional Cooperation: It is a form of cooperation in which individuals do not necessarily intend to cooperate, but terminate up doing and then considering of aligning interests.
• Voluntary Cooperation: It is cooperation to which all parties consent.
• Coerced Cooperation: It is when cooperation between individuals is forced.

Cooperation is the process of two or more people working or acting together. Cooperation enables social reality by laying the groundwork for social institutions, organizations, and the entire social organisation. Without cooperation, no institution beyond the individual would develop; any group behavior is an instance of cooperation. Cooperation derives from an overlap in desires and is more likely if at that place is a relationship betwixt the parties. This means that if 2 people know that they are going to run into 1 some other in the time to come or if they take memories of past cooperation, they are more than probable to cooperate in the present.

At that place are iii primary types of cooperation: coerced, voluntary, and unintentional. Coerced cooperation is when cooperation betwixt individuals is forced. An example of coerced cooperation is the typhoon. Individuals are forced to enlist in the military and cooperate with one another and the government, regardless of whether they wish to. Voluntary cooperation is cooperation to which all parties consent. An example of voluntary cooperation would be individuals opting to complete a group project for schoolhouse when given the option of a group project or an private project. Unintentional cooperation is a form of cooperation in which individuals practise not necessarily intend to cooperate only end up doing so considering of aligning interests. The free hand of a backer economy is an example of unintentional cooperation, where individuals will take actions based on their own interests resulting sometimes in unintentional cooperation.

Communication plays an essential role in cooperation. Advice enables simple acts of cooperation by facilitating parties' recognition that they have common interests and large acts of cooperation past organizing the masses. Without communication, individuals would not be able to organize themselves to cooperate.

Cooperation in Politics: Without cooperation, Congress would exist unable to create whatever laws.

Conflict

Social conflict is the struggle for bureau or power within a order to gain control of scarce resources.

Learning Objectives

Discuss how diverse groups in social club compete for resources, status and power within gild, known as conflict theory

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Conflict theory argues that conflict is a normal and necessary part of social interaction. In other words, conflict is seen as office of the social landscape rather than an anomaly.
• According to the theory, conflict is motivated past pursuit of personal interests. All individuals and groups are interested in gaining control over scarce resources, and this leads to conflict.
• In one case one party gets command of resources, that party is unlikely to release them. The Matthew Effect is the idea that those in command will remain in control.

Primal Terms

• Matthew Effect: The idea that those who take control will maintain control.
• Zero Sum Game: The idea that if group A acquires whatsoever given resource, group B will be unable to acquire it.
• Social Conflict: The struggle for agency or power within a guild.

Social conflict is the struggle for agency or power within a guild. Information technology occurs when two or more people oppose one another in social interactions, reciprocally exerting social ability in an endeavor to accomplish scarce or incompatible goals, and prevent the opponent from attaining them.

Conflict theory emphasizes interests deployed in disharmonize, rather than the norms and values. This perspective argues that the pursuit of interests is what motivates conflict. Resources are scarce and individuals naturally fight to gain command of them. Thus, the theory sees conflict as a normal part of social life, rather than an abnormal occurrence. The three tenets of conflict theory are equally follows:

1. Order is composed of unlike groups that compete for resources.
2. While societies may portray a sense of cooperation, a continual power struggle exists between social groups equally they pursue their ain interests.
3. Social groups will use resources to their own advantage in the pursuit of their goals, oft leading powerful groups to take advantage of less powerful groups.

Conflict theory relies upon the notion of a zero sum game, meaning that if group A acquires any given resource, group B will be unable to acquire it. Thus, any proceeds for group A is automatically a loss for group B. Conflict theory further argues that group A volition continue to search for resources in order to keep group B from getting them, leading to the exploitation of the powerless. The idea that those who accept command will maintain control is called the Matthew Effect.

According to the principles of conflict theory, all cooperation is just for the purpose of acquiring private or grouping resources. This motivation for behavior restructures twenty-four hours-to-twenty-four hour period interactions among people in a given order.

State of war: War is the classic example of conflict: one army is attempting to maintain control of resource (land, weapons, morale) so that the other army cannot have them.

Competition

Contest is a contest betwixt people or groups of people for control over resources.

Learning Objectives

Explain how contest can exist both a help and a hinderance for people in any particular society or group

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• People can compete over tangible resources, such equally country, nutrient, and mates, but also over intangible resources, such as social majuscule.
• Many evolutionary biologists view inter-species and intra-species contest as the driving force of adaptation and, ultimately, of development.
• Many philosophers and psychologists have identified a trait in near living organisms that tin drive the particular organism to compete.

Key Terms

• development: gradual directional change, especially 1 leading to a more advanced or circuitous form; growth; evolution
• innate: Inborn; native; natural; as, innate vigor; innate eloquence.

Competition is a competition betwixt people or groups of people for control over resources. In this definition, resources can have both literal and symbolic significant. People can compete over tangible resources like state, food, and mates, but also over intangible resources, such every bit social capital letter. Competition is the reverse of cooperation and arises whenever two parties strive for a goal that cannot be shared.

Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental furnishings. Positively, competition may serve as a form of recreation or a challenge provided that information technology is non-hostile. On the negative side, competition can cause injury and loss to the organisms involved, and drain valuable resource and energy. Many evolutionary biologists view inter-species and intra-species competition as the driving force of adaptation, and, ultimately, of development. All the same, some biologists, virtually famously Richard Dawkins, adopt to retrieve of evolution in terms of competition between single genes, which have the welfare of the organism "in heed" simply insofar equally that welfare furthers their own selfish drives for replication. Some Social Darwinists merits that competition also serves as a mechanism for determining the best-suited group–politically, economically, and ecologically.

Many philosophers and psychologists have identified a trait in most living organisms that can drive the particular organism to compete. This trait, unsurprisingly chosen "competitiveness," is viewed equally an innate biological trait that coexists forth with the urge for survival. Competitiveness, or the inclination to compete, has become synonymous with aggressiveness and ambition in the English language language. Just as avant-garde civilizations integrate aggressiveness and competitiveness into their interactions, as a mode to distribute resource and adjust, about plants compete for college spots on copse to receive more sunlight. However, Stephen Jay Gould and others have argued that as 1 ascends the evolutionary hierarchy, competitiveness (the survival instinct) becomes less innate and more a learned behavior.

The term likewise applies to econometrics. Hither, it is a comparative measure of the power and performance of a firm or sub-sector to sell and produce/supply appurtenances and/or services in a given market. The two academic bodies of idea on the cess of competitiveness are the Structure Conduct Functioning Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial System model. Predicting changes in the competitiveness of business sectors is condign an integral and explicit footstep in public policymaking. Within capitalist economic systems, the bulldoze of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness.

Competitive Sport: All competitive sports are examples of competition for prestige.

Stereotypes in Everyday Life

A stereotype is a belief about a group of individuals that people apply to whatsoever given private deemed to exist part of that group.

Learning Objectives

Evaluate the pros and cons of using stereotypes in order, such as understanding an private based on mutual characteristics (pro) to racism (con)

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Stereotypes are a heuristic, or tool, to help humans procedure an overwhelming corporeality of information every bit we try to learn most the world around us.
• Stereotypes enable the evolution of ingroups and outgroups, which tin pb to the poor handling of outgroups. If someone is perceived to be unlike from you lot, you might have an easier time treating them poorly. Stereotypes distinguish people.
• The universal application of a stereotype to every perceived member of a group is prejudicial.

Key Terms

• outgroup: It is a social group to which an private does not identify.
• ingroup: It is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies themselves as a member
• heuristic: An feel-based technique for problem solving, learning, and discovery. Examples include using a rule of thumb or making an educated guess.

A stereotype is a belief almost a group of individuals that people apply to any given private whom is accounted to exist function of that group. Stereotypes are usually inaccurate in their universal application. This means that although some individuals inside a given group may fit a stereotype, others most certainly will not. The error in stereotyping is the awarding of a preconception to everyone who is perceived to belong to a particular grouping.

Stereotypes as Heuristics

Stereotypes are useful for the man brain because they operate equally a heuristic or a cerebral machinery to apace gather, process, and synthesize information. As social animals, we seek to assemble information about those effectually us. Nonetheless, in that location is too much information to process in its entirety. Therefore, we take heuristics to make the process more than efficient. In applying a stereotype, one is able to speedily "know" something near an individual. For example, if the only thing you know near Katherine is that she belongs to a band, you are able to guess that she likes music. People utilise stereotypes equally shortcuts to make sense of their social contexts; this makes the task of understanding 1's world less cognitively demanding.

Us Verus Them

By dividing the earth into discrete categories past stereotyping, one is able to foster an united states of america versus them mentality. This view separates the social world into different categories and distinguishes others from oneself. In other words, the creation of an u.s. versus them mentality divides the world into an ingroup and an outgroup. An ingroup is the group with which i identifies; an outgroup is everyone else. In line with the reasoning that describes heuristics, distinguishing oneself from others is a cognitively necessary step; it allows us to develop a sense of identity. However, an united states of america versus them mentality fostered by stereotyping can be used to justify horrible treatment of an outgroup. Once one feels equally though someone else belongs to an outgroup, 1 has less difficulty treating that individual inhumanely. A classic example of an us versus them mentality is the Holocaust. The Nazis configured the Jews, a stereotyped class, to be inhuman, allowing the Nazis to care for people they placed in that class inhumanely.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Given the social and cerebral necessities of heuristics, the problem with stereotyping is not the beingness of the cognitive function. The problem lies in the assumption that all people of a group—a grouping with which they might non even place—are the aforementioned. For case, it is a common stereotype that people who wear glasses are smart. Certainly, there are some glasses-wearing, intelligent people. But it is poor logic to call back that everyone who sports glasses is intelligent. Stereotyping can lead to prejudice, or negative perceived judgements about a group of people. The application of prejudice to a given individual can cause personal and social harm.

Stereotyping of Police Officers: Police officers ownership donuts and coffee is a pop stereotype of officers in the U.s..

Personal Space

Personal space is the region surrounding people that they regard as psychologically their own.

Learning Objectives

Explain how the utilise of personal infinite tin can convey social relationships between people in various cultures

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In general, the more intimate the human relationship, the closer one is able to become into another's personal space. Negotiating these boundaries reflects on social proximity.
• Sociologists written report personal infinite precisely because of social implications of distance in regard to relationships.
• Senses of personal space are culturally defined. Those who alive in urban areas tend to require less personal space, for example. People in Western culture have different notions of personal space than people elsewhere.

Key Terms

• personal infinite: The physical space closely surrounding a person, which, if encroached upon, can lead to discomfort, anger or anxiety.

Personal infinite is the region surrounding people that they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal infinite and feel discomfort, anger, or feet when that infinite is encroached. Permitting a person to enter personal space and entering somebody else's personal space are indicators of how the 2 people view their relationship. In that location is an intimate zone that is reserved for lovers, children, and close family unit members. In that location is some other intermediary zone that is used for conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. At that place is a further zone that is used past strangers and acquaintances, and finally, a zone that is used for public speeches, lectures, and performances.

The size of ane's sense of personal space is culturally determined, in improver to being dependent upon the nuanced relationship of the two interlocutors. Averaged estimates place i'south sense of personal space at 2 anxiety on either side, 28 inches in front, and 16 inches behind for an average Westerner. Those living in densely populated places tend to have a smaller sense of personal space. Moreover, individual sense of space has changed historically as the notions of boundaries betwixt public and individual spaces have evolved over time.

Senses of personal space are intimately tied to the relationship between the two individuals involved. Entering someone'due south personal space is normally seen as an indication of familiarity. Still, in modern social club, particularly in crowded urban communities, it is sometimes difficult to maintain personal infinite; for case, in a crowded train. Many people find such physical proximity to exist psychologically uncomfortable, but it is accustomed as a fact of modern life. Sociologists written report personal infinite precisely considering of social implications of distance in regard to relationships.

Eye Contact

Eye contact develops in a cultural context and different gazes take different meanings all over the world.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the various means people utilize eye contact every bit a ways of social and emotional expression

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• Middle contact is an incredibly expressive grade of nonverbal advice.
• Eye contact aligns with the human relationship underlying the gaze. People who are shut with one some other look at each others eyes; avoiding heart contact tin put distance betwixt ii individuals.
• The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its pregnant greatly. For example, Japanese children are taught to direct their gaze at the region of their instructor's Adam'southward apple tree or tie knot.

Key Terms

• heart contact: The status or activity of looking at another human or animal in the eye.
• oculesics: The study of eye contact equally a form of torso linguistic communication.

Heart contact is the meeting of the eyes between two individuals. In humans, eye contact is a course of nonverbal communication and has a large influence on social beliefs. The written report of eye contact is sometimes known as oculesics.

Centre contact provides a way in which one can written report social interactions, as it provides indications of social and emotional data. People, possibly without consciously doing then, probe each other'due south optics and faces for signs of positive or negative mood. In some contexts, the coming together of eyes arouses strong emotions. Eye contact can constitute a sense of intimacy between two individuals, such as the gazes of lovers or the eye contact involved in flirting. Alternatively, avoiding center contact tin can plant altitude between people. When in crowds, people tend to avoid eye contact in society to maintain privacy.

The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its pregnant greatly. According to the tenets of the Islamic religion, Muslims ought to lower their gazes and attempt not to focus on the features of the opposite sexual practice, except for the hands and face. Japanese children are taught to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple tree or tie knot. Equally adults, Japanese tend to lower their optics when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect. In Eastern Africa, information technology is respectful not to expect the ascendant person in the eye, whereas such abstention of eye contact is negatively interpreted in Western cultures. As with all forms of social interaction that impart social significance, eye contact is culturally adamant.

Centre Contact in Painting: Two figures lock eyes in Caravaggio's The Fortune Teller.

Applied Body Language

Body language is a crucial part of social interaction.

Learning Objectives

Discuss the importance of body language as a means of social advice and give specific examples of torso language

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• Research has suggested that between lx and seventy percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior.
• Ane bones body- language signal is when a person crosses his or her arms. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply well-nigh what is being discussed, merely in a serious or confrontational situation, it tin can mean that a person is expressing opposition.
• Flirting is an instance of applied body language. Sexual or romantic involvement is primarily communicated through body language, which may include flicking i's pilus, eye contact, brief touching, open stances, and close proximity between partners.

Key Terms

• Flirting: It is a playful activity involving verbal communication and as well body linguistic communication to signal an involvement in a deeper romantic or sexual human relationship.
• trunk language: Nonverbal advice by ways of facial expressions, eye beliefs, gestures, posture, and the like; often thought to be involuntary.

Torso language is a form of human being non-exact communication, which consists of torso posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals almost entirely subconsciously. It is impossible for social scientists to report body language in any manner that is not applied. Indeed, social scientists are interested in body language precisely because of what it conveys about social interactions and the relationship between nonverbal interlocutors. This dynamic tin can only be studied in practical contexts.

Research has suggested that between 60 and 70 per centum of all pregnant is derived from nonverbal beliefs, making trunk language a crucial part of social interaction. Torso language may provide clues every bit to the attitude or state of heed of a person. For case, it may point assailment, considerateness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasance, amusement, and intoxication, amongst many other clues.

One of the most basic and powerful body linguistic communication signals is when a person crosses his or her artillery beyond the chest. This can signal that a person is putting upwards an unconscious barrier betwixt themselves and others. Notwithstanding, it can also indicate that the person's arms are cold, which would exist antiseptic past rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it tin hateful that a person is thinking securely almost what is being discussed, but in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression ofttimes indicates outright hostility.

Another obvious case of expressive trunk linguistic communication used in everyday life is flirting. Flirting is a playful activity involving verbal communication and besides body language to signal an interest in a deeper romantic or sexual relationship. Flirting commonly involves speaking and behaving in a way that suggests a mildly greater level of intimacy than the actual relationship between parties would justify, though within the rules of social etiquette, which by and large frown upon a direct expression of sexual interest. Body language may include flicking i's hair, eye contact, cursory touching, open stances, and close proximity between partners. Thus, by watching two individuals, 1 can tell if they are flirting.

Flirting Education: This video is a how-to on how to flirt. Note the significant attention paid to trunk language.

Marilyn Monroe: Marilyn Monroe has been described as the ultimate flirt. Does this photo fit that perception? Does it have annihilation to practice with her body language?

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/types-of-social-interaction/

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